MoneyHub NZ
  • Search
  • Investing
    • Investing Platforms
      • Reviews
        • Sharesies Review
        • Hatch Review
        • Stake Review
        • Tiger Brokers (NZ) Review
        • Superhero Review
        • BlackBull Markets Share Trading Platform Review
        • ASB Securities Review
        • Jarden Direct Review
        • InvestNow Review
        • Kernel Review
        • Flint Wealth Review
        • Interactive Brokers
        • Smartshares Review
        • Catalist Review
      • Comparisons
        • Sharesies vs Hatch vs Stake
        • Hatch vs Stake
        • Hatch vs Tiger Brokers
        • Sharesies vs Tiger Brokers
        • Stake vs Tiger Brokers
        • Comparing Sharesies vs Investnow vs Hatch vs Jarden Direct and more
        • Best Investment Apps
        • How Do I Start Investing?
        • Virtual Stocks and Shares Trading Games
      • Guides
        • How to Invest in Shares
        • Investing in Vanguard Funds from New Zealand
        • Investing in the US Stock Market from New Zealand
          • How To Buy Tesla Shares
          • How To Buy Apple Shares
          • How To Buy Amazon Shares
          • How To Buy Alphabet Shares
          • How To Buy Netflix Shares
          • How To Buy Microsoft Shares
          • How To Buy Meta Shares
        • What Happens If Your Investing Platform Shuts Down?
        • Fractional Shares
        • Transferring Share Portfolios
        • How to Read and Understand a Share Chart
        • NZX in a Nutshell
        • Investing in Asian Markets from New Zealand
        • Understand Gross vs Net
    • Introduction to Investing
      • Guides
        • Index Funds
        • 10 Ways to Invest in New Zealand
        • How to Invest Regularly
        • Passive Investing vs Active Investing
        • Investments You Can Own Forever
        • Investing Mistakes
        • ETFs (Exchange Traded Funds)
        • Best Retirement Income Products in New Zealand
        • Index Funds vs ETFs
        • Shares vs ETFs
        • Dollar-Cost Averaging Guide
        • Passive Income Strategies
        • How Wealthy New Zealanders Invest Their Money
        • The Best Way to Invest Inheritance or a Windfall
        • Barefoot Investor-Friendly Financial Products in New Zealand
        • Investment Terms Glossary
        • IPOs
        • Investing in Dividend Shares
        • Common Shareholder Numbers in New Zealand
        • Shorting a Stock
        • Investing vs Trading vs Gambling
      • Young People and Investing
        • Investing for Kids
        • Investing For Grandchildren
        • 10 Top Investments for Young New Zealanders
        • Sharesies Kids Accounts Review
        • SquareOne Review
        • Dosh Review
      • Investing Calculators
        • Compound Interest Calculator
        • Investment Calculator
        • Savings Calculator
        • Net Worth Calculator
        • Million Dollar Calculator
    • Managed Funds, Tax & DIY Investing
      • Guides
        • Investing Guide
        • Our Favourite Funds
        • Advisers
          • Financial Advisers Overview
          • DIY Investing vs Investment Brokerage Firms vs Financial Advisors
          • Financial Advisers Auckland
          • Financial Advisers Wellington
          • Financial Advisers Christchurch
        • Bank Credit Ratings
        • Tax on Investments and Savings
        • Capital Gains Tax
        • Bright-Line Test
        • Ethical Investing
        • Best ESG Funds
        • Asset Allocations to Build Wealth
        • Managing Offshore Investments for Returning New Zealanders and Migrants
        • Managed Funds
          • Booster Private Land and Property Fund Review
        • How to Buy and Sell Bonds
        • Buying NZ Corporate Bonds
        • Trading in a Nutshell
        • Peer to Peer Lending
        • Crowd Funding Guide
        • REITs Guide
        • Jasper Review
        • Investing & Personal Finance Podcasts
        • Emergency Funds
        • UK Pension Transfer to New Zealand
        • Returning to the UK from NZ
        • Spending Your Savings in Retirement
        • How to Take Income from Investments
        • What Am I Entitled to If My UK Pension Scheme or Provider Makes a Mistake?
        • Investment Scams
        • Investing in Recession-Proof Sectors and Asset Classes During a Downturn
        • Hedging Investments
        • Top Personal Finance Books for New Zealanders
        • Top Ten Personal Finance Resources
      • Reviews
        • Simplicity Investment Funds Review
        • Lending Crowd Review
        • Squirrel Review
        • Sharesight Review
        • Lifetime Retirement Income
        • New Zealand Financial Markets Authority (FMA)
      • Calculators
        • Managed Funds Fee Calculator
        • Basis Points Calculator
        • Inflation Calculator
        • Retirement Calculator New Zealand
    • Alternative Investments and Trading
      • Reviews
        • BlackBull Markets Review
        • CMC Markets Review
        • Plus500 Review
        • IG Review
        • TMGM Review
        • CMC Markets vs Plus500 vs IG Markets vs BlackBull Markets
      • Guides
        • How to Invest in Gold
        • How to Invest in Silver
        • Forex Trading Guide
        • Options Trading
        • Contracts for Difference (CFDs) Guide
        • Futures Trading
        • Commodities Trading
        • Forex Trading Tools
        • Forex Trading Platforms Comparison
        • Forex Trading Courses and Education
        • Forex Regulation
        • Copy Trading
    • Cryptocurrency
      • Reviews
        • Easy Crypto Review
        • Swyftx Review
        • Binance Review
        • Easy Crypto vs Swyftx
        • Independent Reserve Review
        • eToro Review
        • Coinbase Review
        • Kiwi-Coin Bitcoin Exchange Review
        • Vault International Bitcoin Fund Review
      • Guides
        • How to Buy Bitcoin in New Zealand
        • Beginner's Guide to Bitcoin and Blockchain
        • Guide to NFTs
        • Bitcoin Wallet Guide
        • Bitcoin Mining
        • How to Sell Bitcoin
        • Bitcoin and Crypto Scams
        • Initial Coin Offerings
        • A Beginner’s Guide to Investing in Cryptocurrencies
        • Decentralised Finance
        • Bitcoin in New Zealand
        • New Zealand Bitcoin Exchanges
        • How to Buy Ethereum in New Zealand
        • Other Coins
          • How to Buy Ripple in New Zealand
          • How to Buy Cardano in New Zealand
          • How to Buy Dogecoin in New Zealand
          • How to Buy Litecoin in New Zealand
          • How to Buy Polkadot in New Zealand
  • Loans & Finance
    • Car Finance
      • Car Finance Calculator
      • Electric Vehicle Loans
      • How to Refinance Your Car Loan
      • Car Loan Refinance Calculator
      • Car Dealership Finance vs Alternatives
      • Bad Credit Car Loans
      • Car Finance Company Reviews
        • AA Money Review
        • Better Finance Review
        • Kiwi Car Loans Review
        • MTF Finance Review
        • Simplify Loans Review
        • Car Loan Brokers vs Direct Car Finance
      • Car Finance Must-Knows Guides
        • Buying a Car Loan vs Personal Loan?
        • Car Loans and Collateral
        • Car Loan Guarantors
        • How to Save for a Car
        • Paying Cash for a Car vs Car Finance
        • Balloon Payments
      • Car Finance Add-On Insurance Guides
        • GAP (Guaranteed Asset Protection Insurance) Insurance
        • MBI (Mechanical Breakdown Insurance)
        • PPI (Payment Protection Insurance)
    • Personal Loans
      • Debt Consolidation Loans
      • Secured Loans
      • Home Renovation Loans
      • Online Loans
      • Bad Credit Loans
      • Beneficiary Loans
      • Payday Loans
      • Cash Advance
      • Same Day Loans
      • Low Income Loans
      • Personal Loan Calculator
      • Debt Consolidation Calculator
      • Refinance Personal Loan Calculator
      • Home Renovation Loan Calculator
      • Interest Calculator
      • Harmoney Loans Review
      • Nectar Review
      • Avanti Finance Review
      • Save My Bacon Review
    • Credit Scores & Interest Rates
      • Credit Scores and Credit Checks
      • How to Build Credit in New Zealand
      • How to Pay Down Debt Faster
      • Baycorp and Debt Collection
      • Interest Rates Guide
      • Interest Rate Comparison
      • Buy Now Pay Later Apps
        • Afterpay Review
        • Laybuy Review
        • Humm Review
        • Zip Review
  • Insurance
    • Car Insurance
      • Guides
        • How to Get Cheaper Car Insurance
        • Car Insurance Calculator
        • No Claims Bonuses Explained
        • Car Insurance Excess Explained
        • Cheapest Cars to Insure
        • Modifications that Make a Car Uninsurable
        • Car Insurers Directory
        • Car Insurance Glossary
      • Reviews
        • Tower Car Insurance Review
        • Cove Car Insurance Review
        • Trade Me Car Insurance Review
      • AMI vs AA Insurance vs Cove vs State vs Tower vs Trade Me Insurance
      • Young Driver Car Insurance
      • Third Party Car Insurance
      • Caravan Insurance
    • Home, Contents and Other Insurance
      • House Insurance
      • House Insurance Calculator
      • Difficult to Insure Areas
      • Insuring Old Houses
      • Contents Insurance
      • Home and Contents Insurance
      • Renters' Insurance
      • Landlord Insurance
      • Dental Insurance and Dentist Plans
      • Phone Insurance
      • Insurance Excess
      • Motorbike Insurance
      • Initio Review
      • Insurance Brokers
        • Trusted Insurance Brokers in Wellington
        • Trusted Insurance Brokers in Christchurch
    • Pet Insurance
      • Is Pet Insurance Worth Buying?
      • Cat and Dog Desexing
      • Getting a Kitten
      • Buying a Puppy
      • Pet Euthanasia
      • Vet Costs in New Zealand
      • Costs of Owning a Cat
      • Costs of Owning a Dog
    • Life & Health Insurance
      • Life Insurance
        • Life Insurance Policy Comparison - Cigna vs AIA vs Asteron Life vs Fidelity vs Westpac vs Partners Life
        • Life Insurance Calculator
        • Pre-Existing Medical Conditions
        • Buying Life Insurance Direct vs Using an Insurance Broker
        • Life Insurance Policies - Features and Questions to Ask
        • When To Cancel Or Change a Life Insurance Policy
        • Life Insurance For Smokers and Vapers
      • Health Insurance
        • Going to Australia for Medical Treatment
      • Income Protection Insurance
        • ACC vs Income Protection Insurance
        • Income Protection Insurance for Self Employed
      • Mortgage Insurance
      • Trauma Insurance
      • Redundancy Insurance
      • Funeral Insurance
        • What to Do When a Spouse or Partner Dies
        • Funeral Costs
  • Credit Cards
    • Best Credit Cards
    • Rewards and Cashback Credit Cards
    • The Best American Express Credit Cards
    • Air New Zealand Airpoints Credit Cards
      • ANZ vs AMEX vs Kiwibank vs Westpac Platinum Airpoints Credit Cards
      • ANZ Airpoints Visa Platinum vs AMEX Airpoints Platinum
      • Kiwibank Airpoints Platinum Visa vs AMEX Airpoints Platinum
      • Westpac Airpoints Platinum Mastercard vs AMEX Airpoints Platinum
    • Balance Transfer Credit Cards
    • Platinum and Gold Credit Cards
    • Reviews
      • American Express Credit Cards Review
        • American Express Airpoints Platinum Review
        • American Express Gold Rewards Card Review
        • AMEX Comparison - Airpoints Platinum vs Gold Rewards
        • American Express Free Card vs Airpoints Platinum
        • American Express Platinum Card Review
        • American Express Membership Rewards Program Review
        • AMEX Cardholder Feedback
        • The Best Ways to Spend AMEX Membership Rewards Points
        • Qantas Credit Cards
        • Singapore Airlines KrisFlyer Credit Cards
        • Cathay Pacific Asia Miles Credit Cards
        • Emirates Skywards Credit Cards
        • RewardPay Review
      • Flight Centre Mastercard Review
    • Guides
      • Pay Off Credit Card Debt
      • Credit Card Basics
      • Mastercard vs Visa
      • Credit Card Minimum Payments Explained
      • Where is Amex Accepted?
      • Credit Card Interest Calculator
      • How to Request a Credit Card Chargeback
    • Other Credit Cards
      • Travel Money Cards
        • Australia Travel Money
        • Bali Travel Money
        • Fiji Travel Money
        • Rarotonga Travel Money
        • UK Travel Money
      • Wise Debit Card Review
      • Revolut Review
      • Revolut vs Wise - Which Is Better?
      • Travelex Money Card vs Wise Debit Card Comparison
      • OneSmart Card vs Wise Debit Card Comparison
      • Cash Passport vs Wise Debit Card Comparison
      • Best Foreign Currency Debit & Credit Cards
      • Free Credit Cards
      • Low Interest Credit Cards
      • Credit Cards for Bad Credit
      • Q Card & Q Mastercard Review
      • GEM Visa Review
      • Onecard Visa Review
      • Purple Visa Review
  • Banking & Savings
    • Banking
      • Best Bank Accounts
      • Best Debit Cards
      • Best Joint Bank Accounts
      • Kids Bank Accounts
      • Cut Overdraft Costs
      • Private Banking
      • International Money Transfers
      • Open an Australian Bank Account from New Zealand
      • Open a UK Bank Account from New Zealand
    • Savings
      • Best Term Deposits
      • Booster Savvy Review
      • Best PIE Term Deposits
      • Best Call Accounts
      • Best Savings Accounts
      • Term Deposit Alternatives
    • Guides and Resources
      • Banks vs Credit Unions
      • Open Banking Guide
      • NZ Bank Prefix Codes
    • Reviews
      • Wise Money Transfer Review
      • Heartland Bank Review
      • First Credit Union Review
      • NZCU Baywide Review
      • The Co-operative Bank NZ Review
      • Western Union Review
  • Mortgages
    • Mortgage Essentials
      • Best Home Loans
      • Mortgage Calculator
      • How Much Can I Borrow?
      • Debt to Income Ratios
      • Equity (and Leverage) Calculator
      • Mortgage Repayment Calculator
      • Mortgage Options
      • Mortgage Cashback
    • Other Mortgage Options
      • Interest-Only Mortgages Guide
      • Interest-Only Mortgage Calculator
      • Revolving Credit Mortgages
      • Offset Mortgages
      • Offset Mortgage Calculator
      • Fixed vs Floating Mortgage Rate Calculator
      • Understanding Interest Rate Swaps
      • What is the OCR?
    • Alternative Mortgage Options
      • Low-Deposit Home Loans
      • Rent to Own Homes
      • First Home Loan Guide
      • Reverse Mortgages
    • Mortgage Management
      • Saving for a House Deposit
      • Pay Off Your Mortgage Faster
      • Mortgage Overpayment Calculator
      • Remortgaging Guide
      • Mortgage Relief and Holidays
      • Amortisation Calculator
      • Mortgage Break Fees
      • Defaulting on a Mortgage
      • High Deposit Mortgages
      • Negative Equity
      • How to Manage Higher Mortgage Payments
      • Mortgage Refinance Calculator
    • Mortgage Brokers
      • Mortgage Brokers Explained
      • Trusted Auckland Mortgage Brokers
      • Trusted Hamilton Mortgage Brokers
      • Trusted Mortgage Brokers in Tauranga
      • Trusted Mortgage Brokers in Napier and Hastings
      • Trusted Mortgage Brokers in Wellington
      • Trusted Mortgage Brokers in Christchurch
    • Buying a Home
      • First Home Buyers Checklist
      • Home Buying Glossary
      • Best House Price & Valuation Websites in New Zealand
      • New Zealand Property Types
      • Rateable Value vs Market Value
      • Leasehold Property Guide
      • Conveyancing vs Lawyers
      • Buying an Apartment in New Zealand
      • Buying vs Renting a House
    • Selling a Home
      • How to Sell Your House Privately
      • Real Estate Agent Fees
      • Bridging Finance
    • Property Investment
      • Investment Property Mortgages
      • Renting Directly to Tenants vs Using an Agent
    • Building a House
      • Average Building Cost Per Square Metre
      • Cost to Build a New House
      • Buying Land to Build a House
      • Construction Loans
      • Tiny Homes in New Zealand
  • KiwiSaver
    • KiwiSaver Basics
      • Our Favourite KiwiSaver Funds
      • Is KiwiSaver Safe?
      • Choosing a KiwiSaver Fund
      • Choosing Your KiwiSaver Scheme
      • Balanced vs Moderate vs Growth KiwiSaver Funds - What is right for me?
      • KiwiSaver Must-Know Facts
      • Opting out of KiwiSaver
      • What Do I Do With My KiwiSaver When I Retire?
      • KiwiSaver Withdrawal
      • Switching KiwiSaver Funds
      • KiwiSaver Robo and Digital Advice Tools
      • Ethical Kiwisaver Funds
      • KiwiSaver Private Equity Investments
    • KiwiSaver Contributions & Tax
      • Your KiwiSaver Contributions
      • KiwiSaver Contributions - Gross or Net?
      • Employer KiwiSaver Contributions
      • Government KiwiSaver Contributions
      • KiwiSaver Savings Suspensions
      • Voluntary Contributions
      • What's My PIR?
      • KiwiSaver and Tax
    • KiwiSaver for Life Events and Specific Situations
      • Average KiwiSaver Balance by Age
      • KiwiSaver First-Home Withdrawal
      • KiwiSaver First Home Grant Guide
      • KiwiSaver Hardship Applications
      • KiwiSaver in a Divorce or Separation
      • KiwiSaver for Kids
    • KiwiSaver Schemes
      • Amanah KiwiSaver Scheme
      • AMP KiwiSaver Scheme
      • ANZ KiwiSaver Scheme
      • ASB KiwiSaver Scheme
      • AON KiwiSaver Scheme
      • BNZ KiwiSaver Scheme
      • Booster KiwiSaver Scheme
      • Fisher Funds KiwiSaver Scheme
      • Generate KiwiSaver Scheme
      • InvestNow KiwiSaver Scheme
      • JUNO KiwiSaver Scheme
      • Kernel KiwiSaver Review
      • Kiwi Wealth KiwiSaver Scheme
      • kōura Wealth KiwiSaver Review
      • Lifestages KiwiSaver Scheme
      • MAS KiwiSaver Scheme
        • MAS Review
      • Mercer KiwiSaver Scheme
      • Milford KiwiSaver Plan
      • New Zealand Defence Force KiwiSaver Scheme
      • Nikko AM KiwiSaver Scheme
      • Pathfinder KiwiSaver Review
      • QuayStreet KiwiSaver Scheme
      • Simplicity KiwiSaver Review
      • Summer KiwiSaver Scheme
      • SuperLife Review
      • Westpac KiwiSaver Scheme
    • KiwiSaver Calculators
      • KiwiSaver Calculator
      • KiwiSaver Returns Calculator
  • Business
    • Compare Business Loans
      • Business Line of Credit
      • Business Borrowing Options
      • Small Business Loans
      • Operating Leases
      • Finance Leases
      • Operating Leases vs Financing Leases
      • Prospa Business Loans Review
      • Bizcap Business Loans Review
    • Business Insurance
      • Public Liability Insurance
      • Business Interruption Insurance
      • Professional Indemnity Insurance
    • Business Credit Cards
    • Business Essentials
      • Money Saving Tips For Businesses
      • Get Debtors to Pay Overdue Invoices
      • Working Capital
      • Liquidations and Receiverships
      • Can't Make Payroll Guide
      • Buying out a Business Partner
      • Business Brokers
    • Business Calculators
      • Business Loan Calculator
      • ROI Calculator
      • IRR Calculator
      • Internal Rate of Return
      • Percent Off Calculator
      • Profit Margin Calculator
      • Current Ratio Calculator
      • Quick Ratio Calculator
    • Online Services
      • Domain Names
      • Trusted Web Designers
        • Auckland Web Designers
        • Hamilton Web Designers
        • Wellington Web Designers
        • Christchurch Web Designers
        • Tauranga Web Designers
        • Lower Hutt Web Designers
        • Dunedin Web Designers
      • Digital Identity Programs and Online Verification Tools
      • Social Media Influencer Marketing
      • PayPal NZ Account Fees
      • Paypal vs Stripe Review
      • Hnry Review
      • n3 Trade Card Review
      • Plain English Awards
    • For Startups
      • How to Start a Business in New Zealand
      • Raising Capital
      • Product Market Fit
      • Crowdfunding vs Bank Financing
      • Blackbird vs Movac
      • How to Become an Angel Investor
      • How to Raise Money from Angel Investors
      • Alternatives to VC Funding
      • Hiring for a Startup
      • VCFO (Virtual CFO)
      • New Zealand Startup and Founder Incubators
      • Expanding Offshore
      • New Zealand Invoice Template
      • Business Podcasts
  • MSD
    • Navigating Work and Income Benefits
    • Jobseeker Support Benefit Rates 2023 and 2024
    • Jobseeker Support Guide
    • Accommodation Supplement Guide
    • Disability Allowance
    • MyMSD
    • Community Services Card
    • Hardship Assistance - Urgent Costs and Living Expense Assistance
    • Loans for Unemployed
    • Working for Families Guide
    • Childcare Subsidies in New Zealand
    • NZ Superannuation in a Nutshell
    • Superannuation Rates 2023
    • Government Departments Helping New Zealanders Directly
    • COVID-19 Help
    • Food Grants Guide
    • Food Banks Directory
      • Food Banks Auckland
      • Food Banks Northland
      • Food Banks Hamilton Waikato
      • Food Banks Wellington
      • Food Banks Christchurch
  • Motoring
    • Buying and Selling a Car
      • Car Valuations
      • Buying a Used Car
      • Selling a Car
      • CarJam Review
      • CarJam vs MotorWeb Car Report Comparison
      • Top Cars that Hold Their Value
      • Vehicle Leasing
      • Car Registration in New Zealand
    • Everyday Driving
      • Costs of Owning a Car
      • 20 Ways to Make Driving Cheaper
      • Gaspy App Review
      • Parking Tickets
      • AA Membership Review
      • Best Car Batteries
      • Best Electric Cars
    • Warrant of Fitness
      • Guide to Warrant of Fitness
      • Warrant of Fitness Auckland
      • Warrant of Fitness Hamilton
      • Warrant of Fitness Tauranga
      • Warrant of Fitness Lower Hutt
      • Warrant of Fitness Wellington
      • Warrant of Fitness Christchurch
      • Warrant of Fitness Dunedin
  • Law
    • Wills Guide
    • Separation Agreements
    • Prenuptial Agreements
    • Divorce Guide
    • Trusts Guide
    • Enduring Power of Attorney Guide
    • Living Wills Guide
    • Probate
    • Agreeable Review
    • Footprint Online Wills Review
    • Perpetual Guardian
  • Job Hunting
    • Job Applications
      • CV Templates & Tips
      • Cover Letters
      • Common Interview Questions
    • Guides & Resources
      • How to Improve Your LinkedIn Profile
      • Part-Time Jobs Guide
      • Redundancy Payouts and Entitlements
      • How to Get Promoted
      • Self-Employment Guide
      • Workplace Bullying
    • Recruitment Agencies
      • Recruitment Agencies Auckland
      • Recruitment Agencies Wellington
      • Recruitment Agencies Christchurch
  • Travel
    • How to Get Access to Airport Lounges
    • Flybuys Review
    • Fastest Way To Earn Air NZ Status Points
    • How to Redeem Air New Zealand Airpoints Dollars
    • Air New Zealand Koru Membership Review
    • Air New Zealand Travel Tips
    • Air NZ Upgrade Guide
    • Airpoints Flexipay Guide
    • No Nonsense Upgrade Guide
    • Cheap Domestic Flights
    • Car Rental Hire
    • Auckland Airport Car Parking
    • First Table Guide
    • Accor Plus Review
    • Queenstown Like a Local
    • Auckland Travel for Less
    • Hotel Booking Sites Compared
    • 100+ Free Things to do in Auckland
    • Layby Flights Guide
    • Airbnb Refunds (Coronavirus)
    • Air New Zealand Refunds & Credits
    • Google Flights Guide
    • Skyscanner Guide
    • Working Holiday Visas
    • Currency Converter
    • Qatar Airways Travel Tips
    • Foreign Currency Exchange
      • Australian Dollars Exchange Rate
      • American Dollars Exchange Rate
      • British Pound Exchange Rate
      • Canadian Dollars Exchange Rate
      • Euro Exchange Rate
      • Fijian Dollars Exchange Rate
      • Hong Kong Dollar Exchange Rate
      • Korean Won Exchange Rate
      • Indian Rupee Exchange Rate
      • Japanese Yen Exchange Rate
      • Malaysian Ringgit Exchange Rate
      • South African Rand Exchange Rate
      • Singapore Dollars Exchange Rate
      • Thai Baht Exchange Rate
      • Chinese Yuan Exchange Rate
  • Broadband
    • Compare Broadband Plans
    • No Contract Broadband
    • Rural Broadband Plans
    • Internet Speed Test
    • Broadband Provider Reviews
      • 2degrees Broadband Review
      • Bigpipe Broadband Review
      • Compass Broadband Review
      • Contact Broadband Review
      • Electric Kiwi Broadband Review
      • Farmside Broadband Review
      • Flip Broadband Review
      • Mercury Broadband Review
      • MyRepublic Broadband Review
      • NOW Broadband Review
      • One NZ Broadband Review
      • Orcon Broadband Review
      • Spark Broadband Review
      • Skinny Review
      • Slingshot Broadband Review
      • Starlink Review
      • Voyager Broadband Review
      • Wireless Nation Broadband Review
  • Power
    • Compare Power Companies
    • Power and Broadband Bundles
    • How to Lower Your Power Bills
    • Fixed Contracts vs Open Power Plans – What You Need to Know
    • Electric Vehicle Power Plans
    • How to Use Less Power
    • Power Companies
      • Contact Energy Review
      • Ecotricity Review
      • Electric Kiwi Review
      • Flick Electric Review
      • Frank Energy Review
      • Genesis Energy Review
      • Globug Review
      • Mercury Review
      • Meridian Energy Review
      • Nova Energy Review
      • Powershop Review
      • Z Energy Power Review
  • Financial Independence
    • FIRE Guides
      • Retirement in a Nutshell
      • How to Retire Early
      • FIRE Explained
      • The Four Percent Rule
      • Achieving Financial Independence, Faster
      • Five Types of FIRE Plans
      • Getting FIRE’d in New Zealand
      • FIRE and NZ Real Estate
    • FIRE Tools
      • Budgeting Apps
      • Debt Repayment Apps
      • Free Financial Literacy Classes
      • Free Financial Products
      • 50/30/20 Budget Calculator
      • Budget Planner
    • Tax
      • Beginner's Guide to Tax
      • Salary Sacrifice in New Zealand
      • Tax Bracket Creep
      • Tax Refunds
    • Money Tips
      • 20 Things to Stop Buying to Have More Money
      • 20 Indicators You're Doing Well Financially
      • 20 Must-Know Money Lessons (Learned From Experience)
      • 20 Money Habits that Keep You Poor
      • Saving on Household Bills
      • Debt Help
      • CAP (Christians Against Poverty) Review
      • Debtfix Review
      • Getting into Debt to Meet Short Term Living Costs
      • How to Survive a Recession
      • Average NZ Salary by Age
      • How to Maximise Income in Retirement
      • How to Handle Rising Interest Rates
      • Free Money from the Government
      • Bankruptcy Guide
      • Unclaimed Money in New Zealand
      • Financial Planning for Children With Disabilities
      • Should I Stop Contributing to KiwiSaver?
      • Teaching Kids About Money
      • Single Parenting and Money
      • How to Protect Your Finances from Inflation
      • Impacts of Inflation in New Zealand - 2022 and Beyond
      • Tips for Families on a Single Income
      • Side Hustles
      • Charities in New Zealand
      • Lending Money to Friends & Family
      • Guarantors - Loans and Mortgages
  • Trade & Professional Services
    • Auckland Trade & Professional Services
      • Acupuncture Auckland
      • Arborists Auckland
      • Asbestos Removal Auckland
      • Auto Electricians Auckland
      • Bathroom Renovations Auckland
      • Builders Auckland
      • Building Inspectors Auckland
      • Cabinet Makers Auckland
      • Car Detailing Auckland ​
      • Catering Auckland
      • Cattery Auckland
      • Chimney Sweep Auckland
      • Chiropractors Auckland
      • Cleaners Auckland
      • Computer Repair Experts Auckland
      • Concreters Auckland
      • Dentists Auckland
      • Dog Boarding Kennels Auckland
      • Dog Daycare Auckland
      • Dog Grooming Auckland
      • Dry Cleaners Auckland
      • Electricians Auckland
      • Eyelash Extensions Auckland
      • Firewood Auckland
      • Flooring Companies Auckland
      • Fridge Repair Auckland
      • Garage Door Repair Auckland
      • Glaziers Auckland
      • Graphic Design Auckland
      • Gutter Cleaning Auckland
      • Gym Memberships Auckland
      • Hair Salons Auckland
      • Heat Pump & AC Specialists Auckland
      • Home Security Systems Auckland
      • Korean BBQ Auckland
      • Land Surveyors Auckland
      • Landscapers Auckland
      • Lawn Mowing Services Auckland
      • Locksmiths Auckland
      • Mechanics Auckland
      • Makeup Artists Auckland
      • Naturopaths Auckland
      • Optometrists Auckland
      • Painters Auckland
      • Panel Beaters Auckland
      • Personal Trainers Auckland
      • Pest Control Auckland
      • Plumbers Auckland
      • Podiatrists Auckland
      • Puppy School Auckland
      • Roofing Auckland
      • Scaffolding Auckland
      • Screen Printing Auckland
      • Solar Panels Auckland
      • Quality Tyres Auckland
      • Wedding Car Hire Auckland
      • Wedding Celebrant Auckland
      • Wedding Photographers Auckland
      • Wedding Videographers Auckland
      • Window Tinting Auckland
    • Wellington Trade Services
      • Arborists Wellington
      • Bathroom Renovations Wellington
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IRR (Internal Rate of Return) - The Definitive Guide

Our guide explains what IRR is, what it means, how it compares with other financial return metrics and how to calculate it

Internal Rate of Return IRR Guide NZ
Updated 10 April 2021

Know This First - What is IRR?

Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is one of the metrics used to determine how fast something is growing – whether that's a company, a project or a share. IRR is used in a lot of the finance world to compare and contrast one investment to another.

IRR is one of the many tools investors can use to analyst investments. Other notable tools include ROI, CAGR, Price to Earnings Ratio (PER), Enterprise Value to Revenue Ratio (EV Rev), to name a few.

Why is IRR used?

​​IRR can convert a complex investment or project into a single number that can be used to compare against other investments. If you have two different companies doing different things, it can be difficult to know which one is doing better with so many differences. IRR allows you to isolate the specific company and analyse its merits individually – which can then be used to compare with other companies with only one number.

In business or investing in general, a "hurdle rate" may be applied before investing. A hurdle rate is a rate at which a particular investment will be undertaken (it could be 5%, 10%, 20% etc.). Most companies do this to ensure that the project they're taking on isn't too low return, which would not meet the objectives they need to reach for their end of year targets.

To outline IRR in detail, our guide covers:
  • Formula and Calculation of IRR
  • IRR - When to Use It, What it Indicates and Limitations
  • Typical IRR by Asset Class
  • Frequently Asked Questions

IRR Explained in a Nutshell - Our Juice Stand Example

We believe IRR is best explained in an example. We use the case of James and his juice stand. James plans to set up a fruit stand to sell at the Auckland markets. His dilemma is whether to set up an orange juicing station or a lemonade stand. Both are relatively different products, but he can't do both and therefore wants to pick which one is best.
​
Calculating the IRR of the Orange Juicing stand:
  • A juicer would cost James $250,000 (expensive, but big enough to manage the demand of multiple customers at once) to buy the orange juicer that he needs to use for juicing the oranges.
  • This $250,000 would be the initial upfront cost that is necessary for James to start selling orange juice.
  • Each year, James is likely to profit from selling orange juice at the Auckland market. In the first year, he'll get $100,000 profit and $50,000 each year after that for the next four years.
  • James is likely to stop selling my orange juice and retire after year 5. This is because his juicer is burnt out and doesn't work anymore.
  • After putting in the numbers and calculating the upfront cost ($250,000) and benefits ($100,000, $150,000, $200,000, $250,000 and finally $300,000, in total, by year five), analysis suggests that the IRR for the orange juicing stand is ~57%. 
  • In other words, if James was to invest in any other project (including the lemonade stand), the lemonade stand would have to have an IRR that is higher than 57% for him to make more money on it.

As you can see from the orange juicing stand example:
  1. IRR typically takes the initial cost of a project ($250,000 for the juicer) and
  2. Estimates future cash flows ($100,000, $150,000 etc.) to work out the average growth rate the investment would be expected to grow at
  3. In this example, it's 57% each year​
  4. Note: We have configured the table to three significant figures (i.e. -250 and 100) rather than -$250,000 and $100,000 etc.
IRR Example

Internal Rate of Return IRR Guide NZ

Formula and Calculation of IRR

The easiest way to calculate IRR is to use an IRR calculator. However, this isn't always relevant for workplace situations. For this, Excel is the best option - it's quicker and is relatively easy to calculate than any alternative.
 
How to set up the IRR calculation in Excel
  • In one row – put the year (starting from 0 and continuing for however long you're working it out as)
  • In another row – put the profit or loss in (negative being a cost – like the orange stand, and positive being the money from the business – e.g. the profits from selling orange juice).
  • To calculate IRR, insert the formula in a new cell that looks like: "=IRR(Values)". Values is the range of positive and negative numbers in the second row (-200,000, 100,000, 150,000 etc.).
  • You can download an Excel example here to see the formula in action. 
IRR Excel example

Internal Rate of Return IRR Guide NZ

IRR - When to Use It, What it Indicates and Limitations

When to Use IRR?

You would typically use IRR when comparing projects in business. However, you could also use IRR when calculating share portfolio returns over time. IRR is most similar to Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) – which is a way to figure out how much your investment has been growing each year.

For example, if you've been investing in Sharesies for the last five years and want to know what the IRR of a particular share has been over time. To do this, you would hypothetically be able to:
  1. Insert in the dollar amount of initial investment in (remembering the negative sign)
  2. Add any dividends received during your holding period
  3. Add the amount you got from selling it at the end (as a positive sign).
  4. Using Excel, it would provide you with the IRR for that specific share, which you could then compare with other shares in your portfolio (doing the same calculation for each of them).

What IRR Tells You

IRR is a valuable indicator for finding the most profitable (or move attractive) investment decision, whether on a project, share or fund to invest in. Most funds provide either IRR or CAGR figures to compare, and while there are other factors to consider alongside IRR, it can be a quick test to understand how a particular share is doing compared to its peers.

Limitations of IRR

  • Because IRR is a single number, it doesn't tell you much else about the investment. 
  • For example, the IRR calculation doesn't take into account when the profits occur.
  • The investment could provide a substantial positive return in the first year or be unprofitable for years before it returns a profit. For example, two completely different shares may produce a very similar IRR.

IRR Comparison Example - Share A vs Share B

IRR Example
As you can see from Share A, the profit in years 1-4 were steady and paid back in the form of dividends. It cost $20 to buy and was sold for $25 at the end of year five. The overall IRR of Share A is 12%. 

Looking at Share B, there are no profits (and no dividends) provided in the first five years, so the cash flow in those years is zero. However, the share cost $50 to buy and returned $80 at the end of year 5. The overall IRR of Share A is 12%.

By comparing Share A and Share B, it's clear that both shares are very different in their return profile, profitability, dividend payout and relative risk (alongside cost to buy and sell). However, both shares have the same IRR.

Know This: IRR can identify the rate of return of an investment, but it misses key features as identified above. Using IRR can be a quick way to compare different investments, but it doesn't necessarily capture the wider picture. Other metrics can provide this information (from financial statements to revenue or profitability metrics). 

IRR Benchmarks

  • IRR is used in a wide number of roles in the finance world. From fund managers to venture capital to private equity, IRR (or CAGR) is a useful benchmark for comparing performance and tracking how the fund is doing overall.
  • Below is a typical guide for the average IRR that each specific asset class looks for over the long term (more than ten years).
  • The reason why a long term view is taken is that some investments take some time to realise, or for the investment ideas to play out in the real world (e.g. if you think the share price of Zoom will do well during the COVID-19 pandemic, it may take six months before that starts to be reflected in the share price).

Internal Rate of Return IRR Guide NZ

Typical IRR by Asset Class

Expected and historical IRR ranges by asset classes, as we detail below:

1. Venture Capital - IRR range: 20-30%
  • Venture Capital is one of the riskiest asset classes to invest in, given the early-stage nature of young companies.
  • There are no guarantees the company will survive and continue to operate in the future.
  • As a result, most Limited Partners (LPs are entities who provide the money to VC funds) typically look for IRRs over 20%.
  • If these investors wanted a safer investment, they could invest in the S&P500 and get 10% - so they look for greater returns above what they could get in the public markets (for less risk).
  • These LPs also invest in VC to diversify their holdings, in case one of their asset classes (e.g. S&P 500) falls significantly.
  • It's important to note that the top 25% of the VC market will significantly outperform the bottom 75% (the top 25% is likely to have IRRs greater than 40% for their funds).

2. Private Equity - IRR range: 20-30%
  • Like Venture Capital, PE firms use a Leveraged Buyout Model (LBO) to acquire underperforming firms, improve them, and then sell them in 5-7 years.
  • This investing style is typically higher risk (because of the high debt levels) and cost more to investors (through management fees and carry). As such, the typical IRR targets for these firms is >20%.
  • Mirroring the characteristics of VC, the top 25% of the PE market will significantly outperform the bottom 75% (the top 25% is likely to have IRRs greater than 40% for their funds). 

3. Index Funds / Public Equity - IRR range: 9-10%
  • Investing in index funds like the S&P 500 have returned a 9-10% IRR throughout its lifetime. This is typically the benchmark for many fund managers and seen as the marker for a lot of funds.
  • The "hurdle rate" mentioned earlier could be set at this level, as most companies are comfortable with the risk levels associated with index funds such as the S&P 500. 

4. Bonds - IRR range: 1%-5% 
  • Typically a bond will have an IRR of approximately 1-5% IRR depending on the bond's risk (government, company, junk bond).
  • It's more common in the current low-interest-rate environment to have bonds sit in the 2-3% IRR range. Our bond guide explains more. 

5. Cash - IRR range: 0-1%
  • Cash typically has low to zero IRR, as it inherently doesn't generate any cash flows.
  • Inflation is one of the things that makes cash a particularly poor asset to hold in the long term.
  • Inflation impacts other investment classes too, given cash doesn't generate anything, but it is significantly worse for cash as the real return (real = inflation-adjusted) is negative over time. 

Know This: Investing based on IRR
  • Given the nature of calculating IRR, it can be relatively difficult to ascertain for investments and is not typically used in retail investors' decision-making.
  • An easier way to work out the attractiveness of a share or asset is by using ROI, CAGR or P/E Ratios.
  • IRR typically requires you to forecast future cash flows, which a retail investor may have trouble doing if they do not understand the business or the market. 
  • Most participants in the finance industry use IRR (especially in private capital markets, where investments aren't easily tracked through live prices on a share exchange). ​

Internal Rate of Return IRR Guide NZ

IRR - Frequently Asked Questions

Is IRR the same as ROI?

​IRR and ROI are related to an investment's return rate but differ in what they mean. IRR focuses on the interest rate that you would need for your costs to equal your profits. In contrast, ROI concentrates solely on the difference between the ending investment and starting investment. 

What is a good IRR?

What is typically "good" will depend on what asset class you're comparing it to (cash, bonds, shares, private vs public etc.). Typically IRRs >10% are considered good, with IRRs >20% as excellent. 

Related Guides

  • IRR Calculator
  • ROI Calculator
  • Profit Margin Calculator
  • Current Ratio Calculator
  • Quick Ratio Calculator

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  • Bill Ackman on Investment Basics
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