We have outlined and explained a number of the most common terms used in wills below: 

1. Assets – Everything you own and/or control, including bank accounts, shares, land, houses which you intend to leave in a will.
2. Estate – Everything that a deceased person owns or controls, including debts and liabilities. An estate is simply the value of the assets less the liabilities. 
3. Will maker - (formerly known as the "testator") the person who has made the will
4. Executor - the person or authorised statutory company appointed in a will to administer and distribute the will-maker’s estate according to the instructions in the will. Ideally, a will-maker should appoint someone with common sense and the ability to act in accordance with the will at all times. An executor can also be a beneficiary with the will. 
5. Beneficiary - a person or legal entity who receives money or other benefits in your will, i.e. the recipient of a particular amount of money or item of property.
6. Probate – A High Court order that establishes that a will is valid and gives the executor authority to deal with the estate. Probate is only required when a single asset in the estate is valued at more than $15,000.

So, to put this into a sentence - if you are a will maker, you have written a will for your estate which specifies your beneficiary(s) and your executor. Also, should one of your assets exceed $15,000, probate will be required (the probate procedure covers all assets, do you don't need to apply for probate on a per-asset basis). 

​In short, yes. Not having a will complicates your affairs once you die. There are many reasons you may not have a will – cost concerns and/or unwillingness to embrace and plan for death. Not leaving a will is almost certain to leave behind problems for your family, so it’s important to take the time to draft a will irrespective of your age, financial position and marital status.  Breaking through the fear barrier and arranging a will only have positive results for those you care about.

If you don’t have a will, your assets/estate will be distributed in accordance with a set formula under the Administration Act. Therefore what you intend may be not what the Act says, and people you would like to have left something to may find themselves excluded.  

A reader writes in:
“My father died suddenly and didn’t have a will – this meant a lot of legal expenses and delays in everything and anything. I wrote my own will and it took an hour, a fraction of the time I've spent worrying about my Dad's estate after he died intestate” – Simon, Invercargill

Everyone's situation is different, but if at least one of the following applies to you, you might want to consider writing a will sooner rather than later:

1. ​Children: If you have kids under 18, having a will can appoint a guardian - we explain this in detail below.
2. Unmarried couples living together: If you have been living in a de facto relationship for three years or more and your partner dies without a will, the Property (Relationships) Act permits you to apply for a division of relationship property. A will simplifies such matters, but at the same time, the Property (Relationships) Act can still override a will if it is contrary to the intention of the Act.
3. Recently Married, had children or Divorced? If you already have a will, you will need to change it for any of these things.
4. Pets: A will lets you specify what will happen to family pets, which can often be overlooked and cause issues. As a point, you can’t leave money to pets as pets are defined as "chattels" - but they can be left to someone and you can give money to the person for the purpose of looking after the pet. New Zealanders are very fond of their pets, and protecting them after death is increasingly popular in wills. 
5. Special Funeral Requests: A will is the best place to decide how you want your funeral to be conducted, avoiding the need for your family to make decisions. This can include music to be played and your burial preferences.  
6. Property: This is where a will is vital. A will lets you specify who receives what from your estate. As a note, joint assets pass to the survivor. And under the Administration Act, if you don’t specify who gets want, the law can give your property to someone you never intended to be included. For example, do you want a bullying nephew to get a share of your house? Making a will allows you to specify exactly who will receive what.

When you write a will, you decide how you want your estate (assets) to be distributed.
Subject to any challenges, a will allows your executor to follow your instructions. 

In short, if you want to leave something to someone, make a will and it will happen.

A will lets you specify the loved ones, friends and other parties you wish to leave something to. Your wishes will be carried out by the executor of your estate. Not having a will means that there is no obligation to carry out your intended plans for your assets. For example, if you want to be sure someone benefits who may not be obvious, only having a written Will makes that possible. Not having a will could lead to unexpected consequences for your loved ones. 

​Your executor is the person/people who takes responsibility for your estate after your passing; this can also be a professional trustee company too. 

Considering the appropriateness of your chosen executor is important. The appointment of a friend does mean your estate could be free of legal costs -  but lawyers are often needed to help and assist the executor convert assets to beneficiary distributions. You can name a lawyer or trustee company as an executor.

Many lawyers will tell you it's the will's beneficiaries who complain most about executor fees and associated legal costs. With the will maker dead and out of the picture, families can get upset about executor fees which directly reduce what they receive from the estate. 

​Only you can decide who your estate goes to. Your estate includes everything you own at the moment you die; your house, other property, businesses, car, savings, shares and investments, life insurance, jewellery, pets, all debts and tax etc.

If you have young children, a will is the highest legal power you have to ensure they are looked after should you die. If you and your partner both die, a will is the only way to protect your children by appointing a guardian and setting aside money and/or other assets for their future. 

Similar to the process of appointing your executor, make sure you ask for permission from your intended guardian. Looking after children is an enormous responsibility;  an upfront agreement to be the guardian will avoid any issues later on. 

But, If you appoint someone inappropriate as your children's guardian, a family member may challenge it and the family court will either uphold or deny your will wishes. 

It's perfectly reasonable that Executors would want to help beneficiaries and distribute the proceeds from the estate as soon as possible after the will maker's death. 
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But this is risky - the estate may have claims against it which need to settled. Examples of such claims include family members under the Family Protection Act for further provision from the estate, and claims by people who believe the will maker promised that they would receive something on his or her death. If either finds themselves getting less than they expected, a challenge may be made. There are many other essential things an executor needs to consider, as we outline below:

Six month wait for distributions
What's really important is the fact that the Administration Act states that executors will NOT be LIABLE for distributing any part of the estate to the beneficiaries "if distributions are made six months after the grant of probate and if, at that time, the executors have not received notice of any claim affecting the estate". So what this means is that the beneficiaries may have to wait up to six months to receive what you have left them in your will. 

Creditors vs Claimants
It's important not to confuse "creditors" with "claimants". Creditors are owed a debt by the estate and have up to six years from when a debt was incurred to file court proceedings. For this reason, Executors are obliged to check if any creditors exist before distributing funds. But the law helps protect the estate - the Trustee Act provides a procedure for protecting executors against unknown and endless claims by requiring an advertisement in a paper to be published in the area where potential creditors may reside, asking creditors to send details of their claims to the executors within the notice period specified in the notice. 

Executors can shorten the 6 month wait period
Executors have the option to speed up the six month period, but it comes with risk; a popular legal option is to have the beneficiaries of the estate sign an indemnity stating that, if any claims arise, the beneficiaries will refund sufficient funds to settle the claims. This protects the Executor from having to personally cover any unplanned claims that the estate cannot cover. 

The real risk of personal liability for executors
Many lawyers will tell you stories of cases where executors were ordered to cough up thousands of dollars from their own pockets. Such situations arise when the executor lost their statutory protection by distributing before they should have, and a claim on the will then came out of the woodwork after the estate had been fully paid out. With no money left in an estate, the claimant will chase the executor for what they believe they are entitled to. 

An ​"Enduring Power of Attorney" is separate from a will, and it is designed to look after your affairs if you become unable to look after yourself or make decisions about your affairs. An Enduring Power of Attorney (EPA) is a legal document that authorises someone you nominate to make business, legal, and financial decisions on your behalf, allowing the person to pay your bills, sell your assets and generally look after your best interests financially. Having a EPA means there is no delay between the time you need someone to handle your affairs and the time they can act. 

While a will covers your assets once you are dead, an EPA looks after your interests if you experience dementia or the loss of mental capacity. It is arguable that an EPA is far more important for a person's well being than a will, as they could suffer directly from the absence of a EPA. 
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Looking for information beyond wills? Our guides to Trusts and an Enduring Power of Attorney have you covered.

Have an existing lawyer? Great - we suggest you talk to them about writing a will. 

Don't have a lawyer? No problem. Follow our steps to pick the right one for your situation. 

1. Do a Google search for a local lawyer or look at the Law Society's database - the area of practice you'll need to search under is Trust and Estates. Shortlist some lawyers close to you. 
2. It's worth cross-checking your shortlist with Google reviews - enter the firm's name into Google and read all of the reviews. 
3. Make sure you understand the fees. As the cost of wills and executor fees vary, send out a few emails to different law firms to understand the costs. You can use our template script below to get the ball rolling on quotes, and you gauge the quality of service from their replies. The essential item to check is to ensure you're allowed to name an executor who is not an employee of the law firm - this means your estate can be protected from additional legal fees when it comes to executing it.
4. Download our sample script here.

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Pros and Cons of Hiring a Lawyer When Writing a Will:
Pros: 

• You're hiring an expert, meaning you will receive specific guidance for your unique situation
• Any errors by your lawyer can be compensated by their legal indemnity insurance, which means using a lawyer is close to 'risk-free'. 
• You can appoint the lawyer as the executor to distribute your estate if you can't name any suitable family members or close friends. 

Cons: 

• You'll pay an upfront fee, but rarely this is above $350-500 for simple wills.
• Your estate will pay executor fees if you appoint the lawyer as the executor.​

In New Zealand, two major companies dominate the market - Perpetual Guardian and Public Trust. 

How it works
Professional trustee companies offer will making services similar to that of a lawyer - a representative of the company meets with you, establishes your background and you will work together to complete the will to represent your intentions. The difference is that these companies are specialists in wills and estate planning, and that they have representation and/or branches all over New Zealand. 

Pros and Cons of a Professional Trustee Company:
Pros: 

• You're hiring a specialist in wills, and the in-person consultation means you will have a will written specifically for your intentions.  
• Any errors by the professional trustee company can be compensated by their legal indemnity insurance, which means using the service is close to "risk free". 
• You SHOULD be able to appoint anyone to act as the executor, but be sure this is the case and that there are no restrictions or requirements that the professional trustee company is named as the executor. 

Cons: 

• You'll pay an upfront fee, but rarely this is above $350-500 for simple wills.
• Your estate will pay executor fees if you appoint the professional trustee company as the executor. Public Trust has been in the media recently in regards to complaints about the estate administration fees and response times to requests.

Generally, DIY wills are suitable for simple family situations. If you have a blended family (e.g. are remarried, have step-children), are a business-owner or farm-owner, have family issues you want to allow for (i.e. a relative you want to exclude) and/or have an existing family trust, DIY wills are probably not for you. But if you are a simple person with simple needs, we’ve listed the current DIY wills on offer below.
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It's worth noting that New Zealand lawyers argue that DIY wills are high risk, but our view is that if care is taken they are equally legitimate to any will made in a lawyer’s office. Before the internet, bookshops sold (and still do!) DIY will kits, which we also outline below. 

How it works
​With a DIY will, you fill out details online and download it as a file or receive it in an email. 

Risks

• DIY wills are (usually) NOT checked by lawyers – if you make a mistake, you’re on your own. However many online tools alert you if the information you submit is non-standard.
• No legal protection – unlike with lawyers who have indemnity insurance, you or your family won’t be able to complain about a DIY will if it fails to deliver.

What do I need to consider for a DIY will?
​There are some necessary legal requirements that are essential for a DIY to be valid:

• You must be over 18 years of age (in most circumstances) 
• You must have the mental capacity to make a will – for example, someone suffering Alzheimer's usually won’t meet that criteria
• Your will needs to be dated and witnessed correctly – this is critical, as DIY wills will be invalid otherwise   
• You must confirm that your DIY will replaces all previous will versions (and destroy them in all versions, print and electronic) 
• You must “deposit” a will, meaning it must be stored somewhere. We outline the options for where to keep a will below. 

And, be careful in every detail:

• Spell names of people correctly

• Spell and specify charities correctly, and make sure it’s the right charity (i.e. “SPCA” is the head office, where “SPCA Auckland” is the Auckland branch).
• Be clear and specific about assets – leaving a “house in Timaru” to a family member is going to be contested if you own two houses in Timaru as it is unclear which house was meant. Be specific on all assets with a sentence or two that makes it explicitly clear precisely what is intended.
• You must name your assets – be specific and make sure there is no uncertainty.
• Keep it simple – clear English is the best.
• But you don't need to list everything you own. For example, an "antique china" collection doesn't need to be itemised into every teacup and saucer. 
  
  

Know this - You CAN get a lawyer or professional trustee company to check your DIY will
​For anything but simple situations, you should ask a lawyer to check your DIY will. They will ensure it is accurate and valid meaning there is less chance of it being contested when you die. Will contesting costs a lot and is unpleasant for everyone (other than lawyers). 
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Pros and Cons of a DIY Will:
Pros: 

• The fees can range from $0 to under $150 in many situations
• In most cases, you can appoint any person to be the executor to distribute your estate (although it's essential to check this is the case). 

Cons: 

• You don't have any legal protection - if your will has a mistake, your beneficiaries have few legal options which means added costs if there is a challenge. 
• If your family situation is complicated, a DIY will may not be sufficient, so you will need to engage a lawyer later. 

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A professional executor charge a fee which is paid out of your estate to cover the distribution of assets to your beneficiaries. The work they do includes:

• Administering the estate (selling property, distributing assets to your beneficiaries) and
• Managing the affairs until the distributions are finalised.

There are two ways of paying for this:

1. Your executor charges based on the work they complete, and in such instances a simple estate will cost less to manage than a complicated estate. For example, Public Trust charges this way. Their fees are $1,600+GST and $750+GST for applying for probate, followed by $220 to $285 an hour and a $200+GST fee to establish that the estate is finalised. If you have a small estate, these fees can eat up a chunk of it as a lot of standard work is the same no matter the size of the estate. 
2. A fee based on the gross value of the estate assets. Perpetual Guardian charges this way; their fees are scaled to be 5% of the assets in total up to $250,000 and then perhaps 2% for anything above $250,000 to $499,999, and then 1% on the total above $500,000. However, those fees exclude any “extraordinary services” such as additional work they’ll need to do if the will is contested or unclear. Fees can also be lower than standard depending on the family situation and complexity of the estate. 

The answer is NO. They may be written off, but they don’t die with you. Debts such as credit card, loans or mortgage balances will be paid from your estate BEFORE your beneficiaries get any money. However, if you die with no assets, the debts will be written off.

Simple Examples:
Person A - Debts $150,000, no assets.
Person A has nothing to leave, and no one has to take the debts, so the debts are written off.
 
Person B - Debts $100,000, assets of a $400,000 home.
Person B’s estate has a debt of $100,000 which needs to be paid, which will be deducted from the total estate. You beneficiary can choose to pay off the debts personally and take possession of the house, or it will be sold to pay the debts and then distribute the remainder to the beneficiary.
 
Person C - Debts $400,000, assets of a $350,000 home
Person C’s beneficiary could choose to take on the debts to keep the home or choose not to take the home, thereby allowing the house to be sold to pay the debts. 

If anything happens to your will, or if your executor doesn’t know where to find it, it’s the same as not having a will at all. To avoid that problem, you need to decide where to keep your will, and then inform your executor as to where it is.
 
Never keep your will in your bank's safety deposit box – the bank cannot open the box until it receives probate (permission of the executor to begin administering your affairs), and probate cannot be granted without a will, meaning a horrible catch 21 situation. Your will is not to be locked away in a vault, but instead accessible without complication. 
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Never attach other documents to your will with staples, paperclips or anything else – doing so will leave a mark on the will and raise questions about whether the will is missing a section, an amendment or an appendix. This will drag out the job of the executor, who may need to contact witnesses to establish the authenticity of the will. A will must be a numbered document without any additional papers.

The best place to keep a will is the one that is the safest and most appropriate for your needs. 

In short, quite a lot - the executor steps in upon the will maker's death and ensures all the wishes in the will are carried out. This includes the funeral arrangements as well as selling and/or distributing property and assets. The role of an executor is ultimately taking the place of the will maker after death by undertaking or overseeing the transfer of the estate to the specified beneficiaries. This guide offers full details as to the role and responsibilities of an executor. 

It's very common in New Zealand to name a family member, especially a spouse or child, as executor. But if you don't have an obvious family member, you may want to ask a trusted friend.

Selecting an Executor - Top tips:

1. Pick someone younger, in good health and likely to be around after you’re gone.
2. Don't limit yourself to one executor; it may be an idea to pick two if your estate is substantial and would require some work to distribute. 
3. Successive executors is a popular option - i.e. name your spouse, then child, then grandchild etc. 
4. If you go for co-executors (i.e. appoint two at the same time), make sure it's practical - i.e. both executors are in the same city and/or country. Appointing two siblings who have a history of not getting along could cause problems later on. 
5. If you don't have a friend or relative you feel comfortable with, do not pick one anyway. Instead, look at naming a third party professional such as a lawyer who has had experience dealing with estates.
6. Remember to get approval - make sure the person you've chosen as your executor knows they've been named in your will.
7. Once your executor agrees to be named, it's a good idea to get them familiar with your financial details and let them know where you keep all of your financial records. This will make it easier on them after you’re gone.

Executor Fees 
Most family members and close friends (especially if they are a beneficiary) serve for free, but using a professional such as a lawyer will cost your estate. The fee is either a percentage of the estate's value and/or an hourly charge paid out of the estate upon death. 

If your nominated executor dies before you do, you will need to change your will to name a new executor. In a situation where the executor dies shortly after the will maker, the executor's executor will assume the same role for both people who passed away. But there may be hold ups if probate was not obtained.

For these reasons, it can be a good idea to select more than one executor to manage an estate, and a popular option is to pick a succession of executors as we explained above - i.e. first your spouse, followed by daughter, followed by grandson etc.). 

Upon death, your estate's executor will need to apply to the High Court for it to approve the will as valid and to approve their power to deal with the deceased’s estate in the role of "executor". This process is called getting “probate” for the will. The process is relatively straight-forward, but it does involve legal documents, so a lawyer may be required.  

But, Executors are personally liable
Under the Administration Act, executors must wait six months from probate before distributing; otherwise they are personally liable for any errors. A will can be distributed before the 6 month period ends, but the executor will need to seek an indemnity from the beneficiaries as we outline above. 
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And remember, a will can be challenged in two ways - firstly by way of its form, i.e. which version of the will is the right one. And then again in the substance where claimants believe they're getting less than what was promised to them in person.

For all these reasons, it's really important to be very specific when writing a will to ensure you consider everyone around you and their interests. 

If you die without a will, you are said to have died "intestate". When this happens, the law steps in to say who is entitled to share the estate under Section 77 of the Administration Act 1969. Depending on your family situation, your estate will pass to your partner, children, and/or the state. This guide sets out precisely what will happen with each family situation. 

If you want to be specific about who gets what, a will is the only way to make your intentions clear. 

The answer in most cases is "yes". Even if you don't think you own anything, you probably do have some form of assets. And if you die without having a will, you leave your loved ones open to a lot of uncertainty and risk. If you don't have a will, there will be no certainty on how to make arrangements and deal with all of your possessions when you die. You also risk leaving loved ones in debt and/or children or pets without care. For these reasons writing a will can be a good idea to give certainty and clarity to your loved ones upon death.

Remember, you may own more than you think. Some employers offer life insurance policies which pay out on death, and these can be significant. KiwiSaver balances can also be sizable. Having a will ultimately lets you decide on who gets what.